Magnetic pole shift effects. Learn more about this fascinating geological phenomenon.

Magnetic pole shift effects There is no history to tell us whether this is a common event or a rare event. The shift impacts navigation and needs to be regularly accounted for. Feb 10, 2012 · What will happen if or when the direction of Earth's magnetic field reverses, so that compasses point south? Jan 7, 2025 · In recent years, discussions about the possibility of an upcoming pole shift have surged in scientific and public circles. Like an anchorless buoy pushed by ocean waves, the magnetic field is constantly on the move as liquid iron sloshes around in the planet’s outer core. Sep 17, 2025 · About 42, 000 years ago, a reversal of the Earth’s magnetic poles triggered massive climate shifts and environmental changes across the globe. Most of us remain blissfully unaware that it shifts constantly under the influence of dynamic forces beneath the Earth’s crust. The last reversal took place in 2013, so the next one is expected to begin in 2024 and complete Jun 13, 2025 · A pole shift occurs when the North and South magnetic poles of the Earth swap places. Apr 8, 2016 · Melting ice and shifting rain patterns are causing the north and south poles to drift. Aug 3, 2021 · Since the forces that generate our magnetic field are constantly changing, the field itself is also in continual flux, its strength waxing and waning over time. Learn about how and why the geomagnetic poles move, and access pole location data from 1590–2025. Sep 10, 2024 · The Earth’s poles have shifted throughout its history, with evidence of both geomagnetic reversals (where magnetic poles flip) and theories of axial shifts (where the physical axis of Earth tilts or moves). Jan 29, 2025 · Scientists Reveal How Earth's Shifting Magnetic Field Affects Auroras and Orbital Systems Drifting North Magnetic Pole Alters Charged Particle Penetration, Impacting Space Weather and Satellites. Aug 3, 2021 · In this blog, we’ll examine a number of proposed hypotheses regarding the effects of changes in Earth’s magnetic field on climate. Here's what that means. This shift has significant implications for global navigation systems, which Feb 6, 2019 · Consequently, magnetic north doesn't align with geographic north (the end point of Earth's rotational axis), and it's constantly on the move. Feb 19, 2021 · Study blames Earth’s magnetic field flip for climate change, extinctions Study suggests that one magnetic event caused everything from extinctions to art. Aug 22, 2024 · This rapid shift would be noteworthy on its own, but it’s the pole’s destination that’s truly capturing attention. We can see evidence of magnetic polarity reversals by examining the geologic record. Negative effects of magnetic shifting can range from unlivable weather to blackouts and even extinction. A proposed mechanism involves tilt of the dipole to low latitudes, resulting in enhanced cosmic-ray induced nucleation of clouds. It plays a Jan 8, 2025 · Flipping the magnetic field Since the beginning of Earth as we know it, scientists reckon there has been at least 183 occasions where the planet's magnetic poles have flipped. Jan 23, 2025 · It's time to recalibrate the navigation systems on ships, airplanes, as the position of the magnetic North Pole is officially being changed, continuing its shift away from Canada and towards Siberia. These shifts are long-term processes, occurring over millennia, and their effects are woven into Earth’s geological record. Feb 7, 2025 · With the right preparations and technological solutions in place, aviation would continue to operate safely, even during a magnetic pole reversal. Intense data acquisition over a broad range of durations is required to further probe these indications that the Earth's and Sun's magnetic fields may have significant bearing on climate change at various time scales. Because so many navigation systems depend on the precise location of the magnetic pole, these shifts have forced urgent updates to global navigation models. Feb 10, 2023 · “Humans are not causing climate change. A 2021 study suggested that a pole reversal 41, 500 years ago had an effect on the climate, but this has been subject to debate among scientists. Earth's magnetic field is weakening and flipping. Humans evolved to live on this planet. It could be heralding a pole reversal in the next decade, or it could be a blip that will soon return to “normal”. Aug 3, 2023 · The Sun is busy, but one of the exciting developments is the reversal of its magnetic poles. The magnetic poles (in contrast to the geographical poles) shift, slowly, over time. When the solar wind slams into the Jan 7, 2025 · But what exactly is a pole shift, and what evidence exists to support the idea that one is imminent? More importantly, how might a pole shift affect life as we know it? Sep 18, 2023 · However, this magnetic shield is not static; it undergoes a fascinating phenomenon known as a “magnetic pole shift. Jan 22, 2025 · Scientists update the location of Earth's magnetic north pole as it drifts closer to Russia, impacting GPS systems and navigation. That’s the key finding of our new multidisciplinary study, published in Science. S. Feb 10, 2025 · The Earth’s magnetic north pole shift toward Siberia is happening faster than ever, and it’s already affecting navigation, technology, and possibly even climate patterns. Nov 23, 2024 · The magnetic North Pole, a vital navigational anchor for our planet, is far from stationary. Feb 18, 2021 · A precise record of the last major reversal of the Earth's magnetic poles can be found in ancient trees. Scientists are using clues from ancient artifacts to help them predict the future of the magnetic field. This isn’t the cause of current global warming, but it could still have an important influence on our future climate. Scientists explain why there’s no merit to recent claims blaming Earth’s magnetic poles for global warming—and what those geomagnetic shifts really mean. Relevance to Pole Shift: Solar storms and CMEs can temporarily disturb Earth’s magnetic field, creating geomagnetic storms. Since the invention of the magnetometer in the 1830s, the average intensity of the magnetic field at the Earth's surface has decreased by about ten percent. May 7, 2024 · From time to time, the Earth's magnetic poles flip, leaving us without a protective magnetic field for up to centuries at a time. Magnetic field changes directly affect the temperature and wind in the upper atmosphere (> ~110 km) via Joule heating and the ion drag force. The cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis is a pseudo-scientific claim that recent, geologically rapid shifts in Earth’s axis of rotation have far-reaching consequences for our planet. That’s A Magnetic Shift Magnetic north is not fixed like its geographic counterpart, the North Pole. Sep 4, 2025 · In a world heavily reliant on technology, a significant magnetic pole shift could potentially wreak havoc. Earth is under continual bombardment from energetic charged particles streaming through outer space. This causes the location of Earth’s magnetic north and south poles to gradually shift, and to even completely flip locations every 300,000 years or so. Dec 23, 2024 · This year’s World Magnetic Model update shows Earth’s magnetic North Pole shifting from Canada to Siberia. Throughout history, flipping magnetic poles have caused unfathomable turmoil to the world. In this video, we In 2017, the Magnetic North Pole was just 240 miles from the Geographic North Pole…Each year its movement increases and it’s heading South. Although the timing of the next pole shift is a global concern, its exact date remains unknown. Mar 15, 2025 · Drift of the north magnetic pole affects the penetration altitude of energetic charged particles precipitating in mid-high latitudes. The magnetic North Pole's rapid shift toward Russia at 55 km/year raises concerns about Earth's magnetic field, posing risks to technology, navigation, and solar radiation protection. Here’s why. Jun 5, 2025 · Understanding Earth’s Magnetic Field Understanding Earth’s Magnetic Field (image credits: wikimedia) Earth’s magnetic field acts as an invisible force field, shielding our planet from harmful solar radiation and cosmic particles. Feb 18, 2021 · The world experienced a few centuries of apocalyptic conditions 42,000 years ago, triggered by a reversal of the Earth’s magnetic poles combined with changes in the Sun’s behaviour. ELI5 what will happen when the poles shift and how long will it take for new magnetic poles to be in their new positions. Feb 26, 2021 · The Earth’s magnetic fields help sustain life on our planet but they could also be a driver for climate change and the reason why some species have become extinct. Our modern lives are entwined with the functionality of satellites, GPS systems, and telecommunications, all of which could be disrupted if the magnetic field fluctuates substantially. Jan 22, 2025 · Earth’s magnetic north pole is on the move again, drifting closer to Siberia with a pace and behavior that have puzzled scientists for decades. While pole shifts have occurred throughout Earth’s history, the effects on humans are not well understood. The South Atlantic anomaly illustrates a region particularly affected by the decrease in magnetic intensity, with consequences for satellites and potential health risks. When these strong, direction-shifting magnetic fields get directed at a human, small electrical currents begin to pulse through the body. Magnetic studies on sediment cores from the Black Sea show that during this period, during the last ice age Earth's magnetic north pole has shifted again, moving closer to Siberia and away from its previous position in Canada. But as we shift toward solar maximum, "the sun's magnetic field becomes more complex, without a clear north-south pole separation," French said. If the pole shift happens, it will have a negative effect on not just the navigation systems of airplanes and ships, but also birds, who rely on magnetic poles Earth's magnetic field is what protects our planet from harmful space radiation. What causes this movement? Can the shifting magnetic north through time have a significant effect on record surveys that are based on bearing lines and monuments? Jan 21, 2025 · Your navigation system just got a critical update, one that happens periodically because Earth’s magnetic north pole keeps moving. A reversal of Earth’s magnetic poles about 42, 000 years ago triggered massive climate shifts and environmental changes across the globe. Scientists found that changes in the Earth's magnetic May 10, 2025 · New research suggests a magnetic pole reversal 41k years ago caused harmful radiation. Why does this phenomenon matter, and what does it Feb 24, 2025 · Effects on Earth: Telegraph systems across North America and Europe failed or caught fire; auroras were seen as far south as the Caribbean. Jul 30, 2025 · This migration is much faster than the gradual drift observed in previous decades. The effects of a magnetic pole shift 450 MPH surface winds Flooding submersion for extended periods Extreme external fires at 1,250 Fahrenheit Force 10 earthquakes in successions This page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia article Pole Shift; it is used under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3. A magnetic field flip involving the north and south poles reversing doesn't happen overnight but gradually, over centuries to thousands of years. The compelling 2021 study tells Oct 16, 2012 · Some 41,000 years ago, a complete and rapid reversal of the geomagnetic field occured. Nov 17, 2025 · Will the pole shift actually happen? Discover more about Earth’s magnetic poles and how they’ve shifted in the past. Advancements in climate modeling and satellite technology empower scientists to better monitor changes in the Earth's magnetic field and predict consequent shifts in weather patterns. Oct 1, 2014 · Earth's magnetic north and south poles have flip-flopped many times in our planet's history—most recently, around 780,000 years ago. Researchers say this event 42,000 years ago had a huge impact on the planet and ancient humans. Most of the rest is trapped by the magnetic field and makes landfall at the magnetic north or south pole, far from densely populated areas. Like Earth, the Sun has two magnetic poles, one positive and one negative. May 25, 2018 · But crucially, to produce the effect, the field cannot be static like Earth’s magnetic field; rather, it must change directions over time. Feb 20, 2024 · The Earth’s magnetic field is experiencing some rapid changes right now, but scientists say that has no relation to pole flipping. This phenomenon, involving a dramatic reorientation of Earth’s magnetic or geographic poles, has been linked to past mass extinction events, climate upheavals, and dramatic changes in the planet’s landscape. Some creatures seem able to figure how steep the inclination angle of the field lines In this clip they talk about the potentially catastrophic effects of a magnetic pole shift. ” In this article, we will delve into the intricacies of Earth’s magnetic pole shift, its effects, and its implications for our planet. 5 billion years old, but just because it’s existed for so long doesn’t mean that it’s always been stable. The magnetic north pole is rapidly drifting towards Russia while the effects are But the magnetic poles can, and do, undergo complete reversals, most recently around 780,000 years ago. Mar 12, 2024 · Earth's magnetic field has flipped about 170 times in the last 100 million years, with the last major reversal happening 780,000 years ago. And Dec 24, 2024 · Earth’s magnetic North Pole is shifting due to disturbances in the geomagnetic field caused by charged particles from the sun. But what exactly is a pole shift, … Continue reading The While a magnetic pole reversal cannot be prevented, knowledge about its potential impacts can aid in mitigating risks. These are known as cosmic rays and are Dec 20, 2024 · It's time to recalibrate the navigation systems on ships, airplanes, and (given the time of year) Santa's sleigh: the position of the magnetic North Pole is officially being changed, continuing its shift away from Canada and towards Siberia. Almost certainly not. May 26, 2014 · New research, published this week, has provided scientists with greater insight into the climatic changes happening in the upper atmosphere. This is why auroras—those dazzling curtains of light—are so common in places like Alaska and Scandinavia. Its Jan 4, 2023 · Over the past 200 years, Earth’s magnetic field has weakened by about 9%, which could indicate that another pole reversal is coming. Jul 15, 2025 · This wasn’t just any magnetic hiccup – it marked the last complete transformation of Earth’s magnetic field, completely flipping the positions of the magnetic poles. The Dynamics of Earth’s Magnetic Field Earth’s magnetic field resembles the field produced by a bar magnet, with field lines emerging from The Earth's magnetic field is essential for life and technological protection, but it is showing signs of weakening and variations that are worrying the scientific community. Our planet’s core is a system that synchronizes and stabilizes all processes within the Earth’s crust and on its surface. Magnetic pole reversals have occurred repeatedly Jan 19, 2025 · Earth’s magnetic north is not static. Here’s what to know. Unlike Earth, which experiences pole reversals on a geological timescale of hundreds of thousands of years, the sun's magnetic shuffle is a regular occurrence that marks the peak of the solar cycle. We know from paleomagnetic records that the intensity of the magnetic field decreases by as much as ninety percent at the Earth's surface during a reversal. While a flipped magnetic field could pose challenges for migratory animals and increase exposure to radiation Nov 18, 2024 · The magnetic North Pole has been moving from northern Canada toward Russia at unprecedented speeds. However, we also find significant Feb 19, 2025 · Earth’s magnetic north pole has been shifting, and this change is affecting charged particles in the planet’s vicinity, potentially altering satellite orbits due to atmospheric heating and Feb 23, 2021 · Did an Ancient Magnetic Field Reversal Cause Chaos for Life on Earth 42,000 Years Ago? The study links new, detailed data about Earth’s atmosphere to a series of unfortunate events that occurred The world experienced a few centuries of apocalyptic conditions 42,000 years ago, triggered by a reversal of the Earth’s magnetic poles combined with changes in the Sun’s behaviour. We’ll also discuss physics-based reasons why changes in the magnetic field can’t impact climate. We explore this flip in polarity in more detail and look at the effects it could have on Earth. Here's what it means and what you can do. Of course this would be devastating if we had a solar flare like that of the "Carrington Event. Incredible as it may seem, the magnetic field occasionally flips over! The geomagnetic poles are currently roughly coincident with the geographic poles, but occasionally the magnetic Dec 26, 2021 · The phenomenon of the magnetic pole shift is a testament to the dynamic nature of Earth’s geophysical properties, reflecting complex interactions within the planet’s core and the omnipresent magnetic field that shields life from cosmic radiation. Studies suggest that one magnetic event caused everything from extinctions to art. Generated by swirling currents of molten iron and nickel deep within the outer core, this magnetic field stretches thousands of kilometers into space. In 2024, the World Magnetic Model was revised ahead of schedule to keep up with the pole’s unpredictable May 7, 2024 · From time to time, the Earth's magnetic poles flip, leaving us without a protective magnetic field for up to centuries at a time. What Happens When Earth's Magnetic Poles Reverse? - Nov 28, 2023 · The Earth's magnetic field plays a big role in protecting people from hazardous radiation and geomagnetic activity that could affect satellite communication and the operation of power grids. Adding the fact that our magnetic field flips every hundred thousands of years, how will it affect us and our daily living? Feb 18, 2021 · A flip-flop of Earth’s magnetic poles between 42,000 and 41,000 years ago briefly but dramatically shrank the magnetic field’s strength — and may have triggered a cascade of environmental Many times over our planet’s history, Earth’s magnetic poles have reversed, meaning that sometimes a compass pointing north will be aimed at Antarctica rather than the Arctic. The magnetic north pole, an anchor of Earth’s magnetic field, is steadily shifting its position from the Canadian Arctic toward Siberia. What causes this to happen? And how do these reversals affect life on Earth? Dec 20, 2024 · A Magnetic Shift Magnetic north is not fixed like its geographic counterpart, the North Pole. This might sound Feb 24, 2025 · Effects on Earth: Telegraph systems across North America and Europe failed or caught fire; auroras were seen as far south as the Caribbean. Jun 16, 2024 · During solar minimum, the sun's magnetic field is close to a dipole, with one north pole and one south pole, similar to Earth's magnetic field. May 3, 2021 · From animal migrations to human communications, a reversal of Earth’s magnetic poles could seriously mess with life as we know it. The weakening of the magnetic field as it undergoes a complete flip would make the Earth more vulnerable to the effects of solar radiation, which have the power to disrupt powerlines and telecommunications. Aug 25, 2025 · Earth’s magnetic north pole is shifting at an alarming rate—find out what this means for our planet and your daily navigation! The topic of magnetism came up in our class, and in this lecture, my teacher said that the north geographic pole in our compass (or magnets in general) points towards the south magnetic pole of Earth. Sep 26, 2025 · Changes and shifts in Earth’s magnetic field polarity do not impact weather and climate because air is not ferrous. Geomagnetic polarity during the last 5 million years (Pliocene and Quaternary, late Cenozoic Era). The Earth’s magnetic field affects energy transfer rates from the solar wind to the Earth’s atmosphere, which in turn affects the North Atlantic Oscillation. Is there a correlation between the movement of Earth’s magnetic poles and seismic activity? Geophysical research over recent decades has led scientists to conclude there is a connection between earthquakes and processes occurring within the Earth’s core. There is no scientific evidence to suggest that pole shifts directly cause harm to human health or have Jan 15, 2025 · As we approach solar maximum, something strange is happening to the sun's magnetic field. Jul 21, 2025 · The possibility that the magnetic poles could flip—reminding us that our planet is not a fixed rock but a living, shifting, magnetic body—adds another layer to Earth’s endless complexity. A shift of the earth's magnetic poles can have catastrophic effects on modern society and one might be underway. Sep 26, 2025 · The debate surrounding the role of Earth's magnetic field in climate change is ongoing. Records of ancient magnetic fields from extremely old rocks show that the poles can even flip - an event that has occurred an average of three times every million years. Jun 21, 2025 · In short, this means it is continually on the move. The most recent reversal took place approximately 780 Jun 11, 2025 · The intricate dance between Earth's magnetic poles and the phenomenon of global warming is a subject that has fascinated scientists and the public alike. The shift is driven by molten iron flows in Earth's outer core. But those same paleomagnetic records also show that the field Oct 18, 2024 · During a pole reversal, Earth’s magnetic poles swap locations. Geomagnetism can also impact the electrically based technology that we rely on, but it does not impact people Jan 31, 2025 · Discover why Earth’s magnetic north pole is slowing its Siberian drift, how it impacts navigation, and what it reveals about our planet’s hidden force Apr 9, 2025 · The earth’s magnetic poles are drifting and the field strength weakening in a way that’s easily measurable from year to year. Apr 9, 2025 · Magnetic fields turn the course of any charged particle sideways and around in a spiral. ” Magnetic pole shifting “is causing havoc worldwide in weather, climate, earthquakes, tsunamis, etc. How will it affect GPS? In fact, it is caused by the North Pole, and is the effect of the Sun’s radiation bouncing off the Earth’s magnetic fields. Mar 17, 2023 · Earth’s magnetic field, or magnetosphere, serves as a shield, deflecting and redirecting the solar wind, allowing the existence of life on the planet. Sep 22, 2025 · Changes in the Earth’s magnetic field are more relevant for climatic changes in the upper atmosphere than previously thought. Jan 29, 2020 · Earth's magnetic field is approximated 3. Essentially, the north pole is transformed into the south pole and the south pole becomes the north pole. However, our protective shield might soon go into a transformation that could threaten the lives on Earth. Jul 27, 2025 · The effects of the magnetic field are most pronounced near the poles, where solar particles funnel down along magnetic lines and strike the atmosphere. Dark areas denote periods where the polarity matches today's normal polarity; light areas denote periods where that polarity is reversed. Feb 15, 2021 · Our dating of the core revealed that the biggest shift in magnetic pole positions and the lowest magnetic field intensity at Lake Selina both occurred during the Laschamp excursion. Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis The cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis is a pseudo-scientific claim that there have been recent, geologically rapid shifts in the axis of rotation of Earth, causing calamities such as floods and tectonic events [1] or relatively rapid climate changes. The speed of this drift has been increasing steadily ever since. Feb 13, 2025 · A perfectly preserved ancient tree fossil offered scientists an unprecedented view into a moment 42,000 years ago when the Earth’s magnetic field went haywire. " May 3, 2021 · Magnetic north just changed. Jan 19, 2025 · Earth’s magnetic north is not static. Aug 23, 2025 · Earth’s magnetic north pole has shifted away from Canada and closer to Siberia at a rapid pace in recent years. The earth’s magnetic field deflects most of the cosmic rays that would otherwise strike the surface. Why does this phenomenon matter, and what does it Jun 2, 2025 · Earth’s magnetic poles flip every few hundred thousand years—but what happens when they do? Explore the science, effects on wildlife and tech, and what it means for our future. These poles change polarity, or magnetically flip, but unlike Earth’s poles that reverse roughly every 300,000 years, the solar poles flip about every 11 years!. The foundation of many navigation systems, the World Magnetic Model finally got a much-needed update with the end of the U. Feb 12, 2025 · Discover the mysteries of Earth's magnetic poles and the implications of a potential reversal. This relentless movement is part of a fascinating Jul 23, 2025 · Want to hear Earth's magnetic field switch poles 780,000 years ago?! Throughout its history, Earth's magnetic field has reversed many times. However, recent movements have been more extreme than usual, making people Pole Shift Effects On Humans Pole shifts, also known as geomagnetic reversals, are natural phenomena in which the Earth’s magnetic poles undergo a reversal of their positions. According to geophysicist Stefan Burns, the magnetic north pole is hurtling towards one of the largest supervolcanoes on Earth: the Gakkel Supervolcano system. Jan 6, 2025 · Earth’s magnetic poles have been drifting towards northwest since 1831. Figure 1: Magnetic field lines flow out of the South Magnetic Pole and reenter the globe at its northern end. The Earth's magnetic field does not directly affect human health. Instead, it meanders, driven by the roiling motion of molten metals in Earth’s outer core. Nov 27, 2023 · The Earth’s magnetic field plays a big role in protecting people from hazardous radiation and geomagnetic activity that could affect satellite communication and the operation of power grids. Now I already knew a pole shift would temporarily yet massively weaken the Earth's magnetic field. In the past 3,000 years, it has lost about 30% of its strength, and it's still dropping. Homo sapiens adapted with clothing and ochre, while Neanderthals didn't. Learn more about this fascinating geological phenomenon. When lavas or sediments solidify, they often preserve a signature of the ambient magnetic field at the time of deposition. Sep 24, 2023 · The annual rate of change of magnetic pole shift, as calculated by the British Geological Survey Geomagnetism Team and the NOAA National Geophysical Data Center, indicates that the southeast United States is evidently affected the most each year (calculations through 2015) as well as northeastern South America. Incredible as it may seem, the magnetic field occasionally flips over! The geomagnetic poles are currently roughly coincident with the geographic poles, but occasionally the magnetic Jun 24, 2024 · Approximately every 11 years, the sun undergoes a remarkable metamorphosis: its magnetic poles flip. government shutdown. 0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA). Geophysicists who study the magnetic field have long thought May 22, 2019 · As magnetic north shifts increasingly away from the geologic north pole - towards Siberia - studies suggest the northern lights could move with it. Jan 24, 2025 · The magnetic north pole’s movement, which has suddenly accelerated toward Siberia this century, raises questions about what’s driving the unusual shift and why its motion matters. Explore its effects on navigation, wildlife, and technology. This last major geomagnetic reversal triggered a series of dramatic events that have far-reaching consequences for our planet Feb 26, 2021 · The Earth’s magnetic fields help sustain life on our planet but they could also be a driver for climate change and the reason why some species have become extinct. Jun 27, 2016 · We study the effects of changes in the Earth's magnetic field between 1900 and 2000 on the whole atmosphere (0–500 km altitude), based on simulations with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model eXtension. High altitude pilots and astronauts can experience higher levels of radiation during magnetic storms, but the hazard is due to the radiation, not the magnetic field itself. A geomagnetic reversal is a change in the Earth's dipole magnetic field such that the positions of magnetic north and magnetic south are interchanged (not to Jan 22, 2024 · Every so often, Earth's magnetic poles completely flip. Yes. ” May 28, 2024 · Fluctuations in the strength of Earth’s magnetic field can impact the use of geomagnetic field models which are essential for navigation in satellites, planes, ships and cars. The year 1831 marked a pivotal moment when Earth's Magnetic North Pole was precisely located, initiating an intriguing journey of tracking the magnetic poles. However, we also find significant Feb 19, 2025 · Earth’s magnetic north pole has been shifting, and this change is affecting charged particles in the planet’s vicinity, potentially altering satellite orbits due to atmospheric heating and Will the pole shift actually happen? 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